You are commenting using your Facebook account. Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email. Skip to content. Which examples of extreme factionalism between families are you aware of? What is the punishment given to the Falsifiers, and why is it fitting? Various kinds of falsification are punished with various kinds of illness: Alchemists The Alchemists have leprosy the Alchemists tried to change lead into gold, and now their skin turns from healthy to diseased.
Evil Impersonators The Evil Impersonators are insane the Evil Impersonators made other people confused about who the Evil Impersonators were; now the Evil Impersonators, who are insane, are confused about who they are. Counterfeiters The Counterfeiters — who made what they had bigger than it should be — have dropsy which makes part of their body swell up and be bigger than it should be. Liars The Liars — whose testimony stank — are feverous and stink.
What are the four kinds of falsifiers found in the 10 th bolgia? John Ciardi identifies four kinds of falsifiers in the 10 th bolgia: Alchemists: Falsifiers of Things Evil Impersonators: Falsifiers of Persons Counterfeiters: Falsifiers of Money False Witnesses: Falsifiers of Words The Alchemists are written about in Canto 29; the other kinds of falsifiers are written about in Canto What is Alchemy?
Who are some Alchemists being punished in this part of the Circle? Capocchio Dante apparently knew him when they both were students. Can Minos make mistakes?
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Struggling with distance learning? Our Teacher Edition on Inferno can help. Themes All Themes. Symbols All Symbols. Sinon says that he is there for one sin, while Master Adam is there for thousands — each coin being a separate sin.
Dante listens, fascinated, until Virgil reproaches him soundly, and Dante is overcome with shame, so much so that he cannot speak. Virgil senses his shame and says that less shame would wash away a greater fault, but that to listen to such petty arguing is degrading. In Dante's time there was a tradition, even a right protected by law, of avenging the death of kinsman.
Geri del Bello's death had not been avenged at the time of the writing of the Inferno , though the death was avenged thirty years later by del Bello's nephews with the accepted code of "a life for a life.
Virgil upbraids Dante for weeping and pausing at the ninth pit, consistent with the hardening of his character in these later circles. There is no time for pure emotion at this point in the journey; time is growing short and Virgil must move Dante along, even if that means taking on a harsher nature.
Dante is still utterly human, his emotions changing with each moment of the journey, though he is coming to realize that his pity does not change the fate of these sinners, that his only proactive choices are to remember them to the upper world, and in some cases, cause a sinner more pain.
The final chasm of Circle VIII contains the Falsifiers, who are, as are the other sinners in other circles, suffering the pain of retribution. These sinners affected the senses of others, showing themselves or substances to be what they are not, thus they spend eternity in a corruption of the senses — filth, thirst, disease, stench, darkness, horrible shrieking, physical pain — these sinners are damned to an eternity of what they put others through in life.
As usual, Dante gives faces to each of these four classes of sins, in allowing the sinners to speak. It is noteworthy what sins Dante considers worse than others.
Here, there are four classes of falsification, ranging from those that harm others least to those that harm others most. This is in keeping with Dante's positioning of all of the sinners in Hell — those on the inside of any given chasm were less outwardly harmful than the others that are closer to the center of Hell. As the eye, when a mist is disappearing, gradually recreates what was hidden by the vapour thickening the air, so, while approaching closer and closer to the brink, piercing through that gross, dark atmosphere, error left me, and my fear increased.
As Montereggione crowns its round wall with towers, so the terrible giants, whom Jupiter still threatens from the heavens, when he thunders, turreted with half their bodies the bank that circles the well.
And I already saw the face of one, the shoulders, chest, the greater part of the belly, and the arms down both sides.
When nature abandoned the art of making creatures like these, she certainly did well by removing such killers from warfare, and if she does not repent of making elephants and whales, whoever looks at the issue subtly, considers her more prudent and more right in that, since where the instrument of mind is joined to ill will and power, men have no defence against it.
Search round your neck, O confused soul, and you will find the belt where it is slung, and see that which arcs across your huge chest. This is Nimrod , through whose evil thought, one language is not still used, throughout the whole world. Let us leave him standing here, and not speak to him in vain: since every language, to him, is like his to others, that no one understands. So we went on, turning to the left, and, a crossbow-shot away, we found the next one, far larger and fiercer. Who and what the power might be that bound him, I cannot say, but he had his right arm pinioned behind, and the other in front, by a chain that held him tight, from the neck down, and, on the visible part of him, reached its fifth turn.
Ephialtes is his name, and he made the great attempt, when the Giants made the gods fear, and the arms he shook then, now, he never moves. He whom you wish to see is far beyond, and is formed and bound like this one, except he seems more savage in his features.
Then I feared death more than ever, and the fear alone would have been enough to cause it, had I not seen his chains. We then went further on, and reached Antaeus, who projected twenty feet from the pit, not including his head. Do not make us ask Tityos or Typhon. Bend, and do not curl your lips in scorn: this man can give that which is longed for, here: he can refresh your fame on earth, since he is alive, and still expects long life, if grace does not call him to her before his time.
To me, who stood watching to see Antaeus stoop, he seemed as the leaning tower at Bologna, the Carisenda, appears to the view, under the leaning side, when a cloud is passing over it, and it hangs in the opposite direction. It was such a terrible moment I would have wished to have gone by another route, but he set us down gently in the deep, that swallowed Lucifer and Judas , and did not linger there, bent, but straightened himself, like a mast raised in a boat.
But may the Muses , those Ladies, who helped Amphion shut Thebes behind its walls, aid my speech, so that my words may not vary from the truth.
O you people, created evil beyond all others, in this place that is hard to speak of, it were better if you had been sheep or goats here on earth! The Danube, in Austria, never formed so thick a veil for its winter course, nor the Don, far off under the frozen sky, as was here: if Mount Tambernic in the east, or Mount Pietrapana, had fallen on it, it would not have even creaked at the margin.
And as frogs sit croaking with their muzzles above water, at the time when peasant women often dream of gleaning, so the sad shadows sat, in the ice, livid to where the blush of shame appears, chattering with their teeth, like storks.
Each one held his face turned down: the cold is witnessed, amongst them, by their mouths: and their sad hearts, by their eyes. When I had a looked around awhile, turning to my feet, I saw two, so compressed together, that the hair of their heads was intermingled.
No vice ever clamped wood to wood as firmly: so that they butted one another like two he-goats, overcome by such rage. If you are a Tuscan, now, you know truly what he was. Afterwards I saw a thousand faces, made doglike by the cold, at which a trembling overcomes me, and always will, when I think of the frozen fords. And, whether it was will, or fate or chance, I do not know: but walking, among the heads, I struck my foot violently against one face.
If you do not come to increase the revenge for Montaperti, why do you trouble me? What devil is at you? Here he regrets taking French silver. We had already left him, when I saw two spirits frozen in a hole, so close together that the one head capped the other, and the uppermost set his teeth into the other, as bread is chewed, out of hunger, there where the back of the head joins the nape.
Tydeus gnawed the head of Menalippus, no differently, out of rage, than this one the skull and other parts. That sinner raised his mouth from the savage feast, wiping it on the hair, of the head he had stripped behind.
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