Mathematics permits economists to construct precisely defined models from which exact conclusions can be derived with mathematical logic, which can then be tested using statistical data and used to make quantifiable predictions about future economic activity.
Mathematics is considered to be an integral and fundamental part of economics. As it is a well- known fact that price and money are crucial aspects of the economy and as a result to economics as well. In such scenario Maths become compulsory for this course. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Press ESC to cancel. Skip to content Home Physics What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis based science?
Ben Davis June 3, Descriptive science or discovery science aims to observe, explore, and discover, while h ypothesis-based science begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested.
Inductive reasoning is used most often in descriptive science, while deductive reasoning is used most often in hypothesis-based science. The boundary between these two forms of study is often blurred, because most scientific endeavors combine both approaches.
Observations lead to questions, questions lead to forming a hypothesis as a possible answer to those questions, and then the hypothesis is tested.
Thus, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are in continuous dialogue. Figure 1. Sir Francis Bacon is credited with being the first to document the scientific method. Biologists study the living world by posing questions about it and seeking science-based responses.
This approach is common to other sciences as well and is often referred to as the scientific method. The scientific method is not exclusively used by biologists but can be applied to almost anything as a logical problem-solving method.
The scientific process typically starts with an observation often a problem to be solved that leads to a question. One Monday morning, a student arrives at class and quickly discovers that the classroom is too warm. That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm.
Recall that a hypothesis is a suggested explanation that can be tested. To solve a problem, several hypotheses may be proposed. Once a hypothesis has been selected, a prediction may be made.
A hypothesis must be testable to ensure that it is valid. For example, a hypothesis that depends on what a bear thinks is not testable, because it can never be known what a bear thinks. It should also be falsifiable , meaning that it can be disproven by experimental results.
To test a hypothesis, a researcher will conduct one or more experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. This is important.
A hypothesis can be disproven, or eliminated, but it can never be proven. Science does not deal in proofs like mathematics. If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then we find support for that explanation, but this is not to say that down the road a better explanation will not be found, or a more carefully designed experiment will be found to falsify the hypothesis.
Scientific inquiry has not displaced faith, intuition, and dreams. These traditions and ways of knowing have emotional value and provide moral guidance to many people. But hunches, feelings, deep convictions, old traditions, or dreams cannot be accepted directly as scientifically valid. And R. So again, you're not going to be able to create that consistent form of proteins in that environment. For the 3rd part, the UV radiation is also a concern for the formation of nucleotides. So again you're going to have complications forming those reliable structures or coding sequences to make proteins for the fourth part in ongoing.
We know that we can make ATP inside of UV radiation and we know that http is required for making energy needed to sustain life so that at least is viable option. However, we have complications with the formation of rivals which is the sugar required for RNA formation and RNA is going to be seen inside of your ribosomes.
So it's complicated that it's not viable in the presence of U. Because that complicates the further production of proteins inside the body. And it's all so complicated that it would be created in the form of a ransom. Er So it's going to be either in that D. Or that L form. So it should occur in that ratio.
But again we see the predominance of only that l. So it doesn't make too much sense that life arose from the rest summer formation or the equal distribution of both these D. And L. Forms since they should have been created equally. But we're only going to see that L. Form in most life organism. So those present sort of complications to this theory that it may not be the most applicable or the most true hypothesis and that there may be other explanations involved with this.
Moving on to Part C. We are talking about that panspermia theory. So this was a conclusion proposed by other scientists that we had Meteors make contact with the earth and those were going to supply some of those amino acids proteins, nucleotides and other substances required for life.
However, we also consider those two complications to this theory as well namely the UV radiation as well as the production of RNA proteins. So the first part of this theory is that they're going to propose life came around those hot vents inside of the ocean. So you're going to have protection from UV radiation based on the presence of water. So that's going to allow for the formation of R.
Rivals and those other necessary molecules needed to form life. So that's very helpful. You're also going to have a more suitable temperature which allows for the formation of the nucleotides as well as the protein. So that is slightly more viable than the other theories proposed based on the fixing of these complications.
So, those are no longer major concerns to the theory of where life began. So, hot vents is actually a more viable option. Then say, the introduction of those amino acids and nucleotides to the surface of the earth where they would still be exposed to those UV and temperature limitations.
The other theory proposed apart from panspermia, is the presence of RNA molecules. So here our RNA molecules are important for the production of those proteins and such. And with the presence of RNA inside of our ribosomes, you're going to already have the production of proteins and you're not going to require any of the nucleotides needed by DNA.
So say a meteor was to introduce the molecule of RNA. This fixes some of the complications of the need of nucleotides because you're going to have the formation of proteins already from the formation of ribosomes from RNA, You're also not going to need that viable source of rivals from the beginning because it's already introduced in this RNA form.
You're also not going to have complications with the conversion of ammonia in the presence of UV radiation because you already have the breakdown of nitrogen from nitrogenous gas.
So you're able to use nitrogen gas as that protein source and make a in order to form your amino acids. So the introduction of RNA is also helpful to this theory because it simplifies some of those complications with the production of proteins without it or the production of ribose and nucleotides. Without this pre formed existence of Arnie, lastly, we can move on to part D where they're going to propose other hypotheses that help explain the origination of life.
So for the first part, they are giving us that hydrogen gradient that forms around some of those underwater volcano Bentz, and we know that hydrogen is responsible for the production of a teepee inside of the mitochondria. And without this hydrogen or proton gradient, you're not going to be able to get that reliable formation of ATP.
So with the presence of a. That proton gradients around those hot volcano events, this proposes that there's actually that possibility for life to originate around there.
That this proton gradient is kind of that precursor that allowed for life to form, developed that similar hydrogen gradient and see those complex forms that would give rise to life that we see. Now for the last part, we are talking about the formation of ribosomes through an auto catalytic nature. So what this means is we have those RNA molecules or those ribosomes, R. And they're going to cause the creation of proteins and some of those proteins inside our body are responsible for the formation of RNA.
So in general, RNA is responsible for the reproduction of itself. And this, they're relating to the reliability of DNA or other nucleotides. So there are certain sequences we find in DNA or RNA that suggest it's possible to create them from its similar structure.
So, if any of the molecules on site of earth were able to create DNA or those nucleotides, it's possible that they're able to also produce that self catalytic nature to reproduce themselves.
So that allows some of the clarification or simplification of some of those complications of that organic soup theory where we're not able to create those DNA or nucleotide molecules instead with the presence of either of these, were already simplifying and eliminating that complication because we're able to create them ourselves.
So here are in a leads to that precursor for the hypothesis that DNA and nucleotides may also have had some sort of function to self replicate themselves in that manner.
So those are some of the complications and sort of simplifications of the organic soup theory on how it can be reliable, how it can be unreliable and how scientists are trying to either propose new solutions, trying to propose complications, further complications to this theory.
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